![]() In the diagram, a particle is thrown with speed \(u\) at an angle of \(\theta\) with the horizontal.Īn analysis of the motion of the projectile starts by breaking the components of initial velocity and acceleration into horizontal (along \(x\)-axis) and vertical (along \(y\)-axis) components. The following section discusses some cases in detail. Projectiles can be thrown in various ways: on a level ground, from a high tower to ground, from an aeroplane, etc. The force of gravity continuously affects the vertical component, so the vertical motion is a uniformly accelerated motion.The horizontal motion is a uniform motion. Thus, in projectile motion, the horizontal component of velocity remains unchanged throughout the flight. If acceleration in a particular direction is zero, then velocity in that direction remains the same. The velocity of the projectile can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular components: the horizontal component and the vertical component.This is called the principle of physical independence of motions. These two motions take place independent of each other. So, it can be discussed in two parts: horizontal motion and vertical motion. ![]() The motion of a projectile is a two-dimensional motion.Principles of Physical Independence of Motions Projectile motion is a planar motion in which at least two position coordinates change simultaneously. ![]() Studying projectile motion allows for full application of kinematics, various equations of kinematic-motion and vector geometry.Ī dropped ball will hit the ground at the same time as one flicked horizontally, because vertical motion is independent of horizontal motion. But once it is released from the hand throwing it, the ball is only under the influence of gravity, and it is therefore considered a projectile. If it is thrown upward, its motion begins by moving higher, not by falling. Consider a classic example: a ball that has been thrown into the air. However, this does not mean projectiles always move downward. A projectile is always in non-propelled flight, or free-fall. Since it is only subject to gravity, the projectile cannot be in contact with any surface. A surprising number of common physical scenarios can be closely modeled with this premise. One of these examples is that of a projectile: an object that is subject only to the force of gravity. When first getting a grip on classical mechanics, it is important to digest certain formative examples.
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